Editor-DN
In 2024, the world stands at a crossroads, with global fault lines deepening and crises mounting. Wars in Europe and the Middle East disrupted the global system, disrupting energy markets and food security, while major challenges arose in each region. The Indo-Pacific remains a theater of conflict, with China’s aggressive tactics destabilizing its borders with the South China Sea and India. In Europe, the conflict in Ukraine continued to strain global energy supplies and fuel inflation. The Middle East witnessed rising tensions with the conflict between Israel and Hamas, attracting international actors and deepening divisions across the region. Meanwhile, internal strife in Myanmar and political unrest in Bangladesh threaten the regional balance, highlighting the fragility of the South Asian neighborhood. Together with the continuing threat of climate change and rising inequality, these crises underscore the urgent need for interconnected and integrated responses to global challenges.
In this fraught environment, India’s foreign policy demonstrated extraordinary clarity and flexibility. Balancing strategic autonomy with global engagement, India ensured that its interests were protected even as it contributed to stability beyond its borders. Its economic strategies, such as diversifying energy imports and promoting renewable energy partnerships, highlighted a pragmatic approach to achieving energy independence amid global volatility.
Trump’s return.
Big elections in 2024 add layers of geopolitical uncertainty. The return of Donald Trump as US President has brought changes in Washington’s foreign policy priorities. A powerful Trump presidency represents both opportunities and challenges for India. While its clear focus is on ending the two major conflicts, confronting China and deepening ties with like-minded democracies is in line with India’s goals, potential changes in trade policies and its deals for alliances. The approach may require India to proceed with complications with caution and tact. Additionally, Trump’s tougher immigration policies, such as changes to H-1B visa regulations and family-based immigration programs, could significantly affect Indian professionals and immigrants. Nonetheless, the bilateral consensus remains on strengthening India-US ties and as the world’s two largest democracies, the partnership continues to evolve as a bedrock of stability in an increasingly polarized world. Navigating these dynamics will require India’s diplomatic agility.
India’s remarkable legacy at the G20 under his presidency has been carried forward by successive presidents of Brazil and South Africa. India’s continuation of policies rooted in people-centered globalization and working for the global common good has enhanced its foreign policy footprint globally. The concept of Vishwamitra (Friend of the World) reflects India’s commitment to contribute to global well-being and sustainable development. From its leadership in the G20 to its vaccine diplomacy, its advocacy for equal access to digital public goods, to its role as a first responder in times of need, India exemplifies the principles of inclusiveness and shared progress. is
Under the leadership of PM Modi, India has positioned itself as a partner in addressing global challenges, promoting mutual respect and advancing the vision of a peaceful and equitable world order. His commitment to achieving peace through diplomacy and dialogue was demonstrated by his visits to Russia and Ukraine in this effort.
Increase defenses
At the same time, the global conflicts of 2024 underscore the urgent need for robust defense capabilities. With global military spending at unprecedented levels, India’s $81 billion defense budget is an indication of its commitment to national security. Amid rising tensions, India’s focus on self-reliance in key areas such as defense manufacturing and emerging technologies demonstrates its ability to innovate while meeting strategic needs.
Regionally, India has had to deal with unprecedented challenges arising from the economic downturn and great power rivalry in our immediate region. In Sri Lanka and the Maldives, he provided financial and technical assistance to stabilize economies, while calibrated diplomacy ensured continued ties with Bangladesh. To protect its core interests amid its own political unrest in Bangladesh, India needs more active engagement with all stakeholders in the country. The Israel-Hamas conflict further tested India’s diplomatic balance as it protected its expatriates, provided humanitarian aid and pushed for a peaceful solution.
Strategic autonomy is key.
As 2025 approaches, India must continue to leverage its strengths to address emerging challenges. India’s pragmatic strategic sovereignty policy will be critical in navigating the multilateral platform and addressing the complexities of emerging geopolitics. Significantly expanding our strategic relationship with the US is an opportunity for Trump’s unprecedented victory. If we are to secure our broader interests, it is important to engage with trusted partners and those who are not so trusted alike.
Geographically, managing China’s aggression strategically and ensuring regional stability will demand sustained engagement with the Quad partners and in multilateral forums such as BRICS and SCO. Any relationship with China would need to be based on peace and tranquility in the border areas.
India’s foreign policy will also need to continue its ‘neighbourhood first’ approach. Managing relations with our immediate neighbors will not only secure our vital national interests but also allow us to deal more effectively with our key interlocutors. Extending PM Modi’s ultimate vision of ‘Sab Ka Saath, Sab Ka Vikas’ to our immediate neighborhood will ensure ‘Sab Ka Vishwas’.
Globally, India can further leverage its G20 legacy in addressing Global South concerns, particularly debt relief and climate finance. India should continue its support to countries in Africa and the developing world, including providing critical assistance in areas such as infrastructure development, healthcare and renewable energy. Deploying digital public infrastructure as a global public good will not only elevate India’s technological leadership but also promote inclusion. Energy security will be critical in 2025, and India must diversify its energy sources and accelerate its clean energy transition.
(Harshvardhan Shringla is the former Foreign Secretary of India and ambassador to the US, Bangladesh and Thailand.)
Disclaimer: These are the personal views of the author.
